CSAI

Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions


Robin 1998 b: 187, figs 2-3

INSCRIPTION INFORMATION

LanguageAncient South Arabian » Minaic » Central Minaic
AlphabetAncient South Arabian
Script typologyMonumental writing
Writing techniqueIncision
Chronology
PeriodC
Textual typologyDedicatory text

GENERAL NOTES

The chronology of this text, which involves the topic of the decline of the reign of Maʿīn, is debated. The traditional theory placed it in period B, but recent studies suggest period C (see the cultural notes for further information).

TEXT


   1  Ys²rḥʾl bn ʾl(b)ʾ w-bhn-s¹ Yḥrmʾl w-Ḥrm w-Mʿdkrb w-Ḏrʾkrb w-ʾl(b)ʾ {|}bn Yḥrm±ʾl w-Ys²rḥʾl w-S²rḥʾl w-S²rḥwd bhny Yḥrmʾlm w-Ḥrm w-Hnʾ
   2  bn Mʿdkrb w-Ḏrʾkrb ʾhl Ḍmrn ʾdm Wdm S²hrn s³lʾ ʿṯtr ḏ-Qbḍ w-Wdm w-Nkrḥ± w-ʿṯtr ḏ-Yhrq kl mbny w-tẓwr ṣḥftn Tʿrm b-gnʾ Yṯl w-rṯd
   3  ʾhl Ḍmrn ʾlʾlt Mʿn w-Yṯl ʾʾḏn-s¹m w-ʾnfs¹-s¹m w-ʾqny-s¹m w-s³lʾ-s¹m w-ʾs¹ṭr-s¹m bn ḏ-y±s¹nkr-s¹m w-s¹fʾy-s¹m b-ywm mrʾ-s¹m Wqhʾl Yṯʿ w-bn-s¹ ʾlyfʿ Ys²r
   4  mlky Mʿn w-b mrʾ-s¹ S²hr Ygl Yhrgb mlk Qtbn

Apparatus
1the reading ʾlbʾ (Robin) is not sure. Perhaps ʾlḏʾ.

TRANSLATIONS

English

   1  Ys²rḥʾl son of ʾlbʾ and his sons Yḥrmʾl, Ḥrm, Mʿdkrb and Ḏrʾkrb, and ʾlbʾ son of Yḥrmʾl, and Ys²rḥʾl, S²rḥʾl and S²rḥwd, sons of Yḥrmʾl, and Ḥrm, and Hnʾ
   2  son of Mʿdkrb, and Ḏrʾkrb, people of Ḍmrn, servants of Wdm S²hrn, dedicated to ʿṯtr ḏ-Qbḍ, Wdm, Nkrḥ and ʿṯtr ḏ-Yhrq all the construction and the wall of the curtain Tʿrm, on the wall of Yṯl, and
   3  the people of Ḍmrn committed to the gods of Maʿīn and Yṯl their faculties, their lives, their possessions, their dedications and their inscriptions, against the one who may damage them and destroy them, during the reign of their lord Wqhʾl Yṯʿ and his son ʾlyfʿ Ys²r
   4  the two kings of Maʿīn, and by his lord S²hr Ygl Yhrgb king of Qatabān.

OBJECT INFORMATION

Support typeInscription on architectural structure » Walls
MaterialStone
Link to object record

ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE

Origin and provenance
Modern siteBarāqish
Ancient siteYṯl
Geographical areaSouthern Jawf
CountryYemen
FoundIn situ
Archaeological contextUrban context: City walls
Link to site record

CULTURAL NOTES

This text is crucial in the debate on the chronology of the end of the reign of Maʿīn. The three main theories are based on the synchronism of the two kings of Maʿīn Wqhʾl Yṯʿ and his son ʾlyfʿ Ys²r with the king of Qatabān S²hr Ygl Yhrgb, mentioned in the text. The three different proposals of Pirenne (1956, 1961, 1990) dated the end of Maʿīn at about 75-50 BC, then 100 AD, and finally 75 AD. Wissmann 1976 hypothesized the existence of two kings named S²hr Ygl Yhrgb: one attested in the Qatabanian inscriptions of the beginning of the Christian era and the other mentioned only in M 222. In Wissmann's view, S²hr Ygl Yhrgb lived too late to be contemporary with a king of Maʿīn, if the kingdom had disappeared in the second half of the 2nd century BC on the evidence of no more mention of the royal title. Consequently, ʾlyfʿ Ys²r was considered the last king of Maʿīn and was dated back to around 120 BC. Nevertheless, Robin 1998, reconsidering the title and the triple name of the Qatabanian king and some mentions of Minaean people in late non-Minaic documents, hypothesized that the Minaean kingdom lasted until the beginning of the Christian era. A recently discovered Qatabanian document (Lion 1) seems to support Robin's theory, but this date is still under debate in the general re-assessment of the South Arabian chronology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Robin 1998 b: 180-181, figs 2-3Robin, Christian J. 1998. La fin du Royaume de Maʿīn. Pages 177-188 in Rika Gyselen (ed.). Parfums d' Orient. (Res Orientales, 11). Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l'étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Wissmann 1976 aWissmann, Hermann von 1976. Die Geschichte des Sabäerreichs und der Feldzug des Aelius Gallus. Pages 308–544 in Hildegard Temporini (ed.). Politische Geschichte. (Provinzen und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten). Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. II. 9/1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter / New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Pirenne 1956Pirenne, Jacqueline 1956. Paléographie des inscriptions sud-arabes. Contribution à la chronologie et à l'histoire de l'Arabie du sud antique. (Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België. Klasse der letteren, 26). Brussels: Paleis der Academiën.
Pirenne 1961Pirenne, Jacqueline 1961. Le royaume sud-arabe de Qatabān et sa datation, d'après l'archéologie et les sources classiques jusqu'au Périple de la Mer Erythrée. (Bibliothèque du Muséon, 48). Louvain: Publications universitaire.
Pirenne 1990Pirenne, Jacqueline 1990. Les témoins écrit de la région de Shabwa et l'histoire. Jean-François Breton (ed.), Fouilles de Shabwa. 1. (Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, 134). Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner. [Institut français d'Archéologie du Proche-Orient]