KR 4 Khor Rori 3
Avanzini 2002: 131, fig.5
INSCRIPTION INFORMATION
| Language | Ancient South Arabian » Ḥaḍramitic | ||
| Alphabet | Ancient South Arabian | ||
| Script typology | Monumental writing | ||
| Writing technique | Incision | ||
| Measure of letters | 2.7 c. | ||
| Chronology |
| ||
| Textual typology | Construction text |
TEXT
1 S²(ʿ)ṯm bn Frṭm w-Mw[.. bn]
2 Mtʿ bn ḥwr S²bwt (tb)[ʿw w-s²]—
3 yʿ mrʾ-s¹mn ʾbyṯʿ bn Ḏmr[ʿ]l[y]
4 mt tbʿ bn S²bwt (h)-(yb)ny (ʾ)b(y)—
5 ṯʿ hgrhn S¹mrm (w)-(ʾ)byt-ṯ w-ḥ(w)—
6 (r) [ʿ]m-s¹ s²lṯt ʾ(hy)ym bn-mw
7 k-(t)bʿ ʾd s¹tfḥ |
| On the lower left margin of the stone, a name is engraved in rough script: ʾḏyt. | |
| 1 | S²[w]ṯm (Jamme). Mw[ym] (Pirenne), Mw[yt] (Müller), Mwrm (Jamme, Avanzini 2002, Stein). |
| 2 | tb[... .... (Pirenne); Müller first proposed to integrate: tb[ʿ w-s²]yʿ. In view of the dual subject, however, the integration is most likely tb[ʿw. |
| 4 | h-ṭny (Pirenne), hṭny (Müller, Beeston). Jamme first correctly proposed to read h-ybny. |
| 6 | At the beginning, ʿms¹ as a proper name (Pirenne, followed by Müller); Beeston first proposed to read ʿm-s¹. ʾhṯym (Pirenne, Beeston, Avanzini 2008 a), ʾḥṯym (Müller, Avanzini 2002, Frantsouzoff), ʾḥyym (Jamme). The correct reading ʾhhym (a plural from hy "Eponymate year") has been done by Multhoff (p.c. to the CSAI project, also cited in Stein). |
| 7 | k-tbʿ instead of ktbʿ (traditional interpretation) has been suggested by Multhoff (p.c. to the CSAI project, accepted in Stein 2011) and seems us the most correct analysis. |
TRANSLATIONS
| English | |
1 S²ʿṯm son of Frṭm and Mw[..] son of 2 Mtʿ, inhabitants of Shabwa, followed and gave service for 3 their lord ʾbyṯʿ son of Ḏmrʿly, 4 when they departed from Shabwa so that ʾbyṯʿ should build 5 the town of S¹mhrm and its houses, and (they) stayed with 6 him for three years, from 7 the moment when they departed until they returned. |
| English | |
1 Šaʿaṯum son of Furâṭum and Mâwi[yum son of] 2 Mātiʿ, of the inhabitants of Shabwa ..... 3 .... their master (both of them), ʾAbyaṯaʿ, son of Ḏamarʿalay 4 when they followed him from Shabwa, so that ʾAbyaṯaʿ 5 should set up the town Samāramm and its houses and inhabi- 6 -tants: ʿUmaīs, a third of ʾHTYM, comprising (the part) 7 selected for emigration. |
| 2-7 | At the end of the main text, Pirenne interprets the name engraved on the lower left side as: "Detestable". |
| Beeston 1976 c: "followed and aided their lord (the oikistēs), when he brought his followers from Shabwa for the founding by (the oikistēs) of the town Samhar and its clan-communities: and along with him there emigrated three hṯy-groups, from ktbʿ up to s¹tfḥ". |
| Pirenne 1975: 86 | Pirenne, Jacqueline 1975. The Incense Port of Moscha (Khor Rori) in Dhofar. The Journal of Oman Studies, 1: 81-96. |
| Beeston 1976 c: 41-42 | Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1976. The Settlement at Khor Rori. The Journal of Oman Studies, 2: 39-41. |
| German | |
1 Šaʿṯum, Sohn des Furṭum, und Mu[ʿāwiyat, Sohn] 2 des Mātiʿ, von den Bewohnern von Šabwat, fol[gten und be-] 3 gleiteten ihren beider Herrn Abyaṯaʿ, den Sohn des Ḏamarʿalī[y], 4 als man folgte aus Šabwat, damit Abya- 5 ṯaʿ die Stadt Samārum und ihre Häuser errichtete und ansiedelte 6 ein ʿms aus drei ḥṯy von dem, 7 was bestimmt worden war zum Verlassen (Auswandern). |
| Müller, Walter W. 1977 a: 55-56 | Müller, Walter W. 1977. Die Inschriften Khor Rori 1 bis 4. Pages 53-56 in Hermann von Wissmann. Das Weihrauchland Saʾkalān, Samārum und Mos-cha. Mit Beiträgen von Walter W. Müller. (Sitzungsberichte der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 324). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. |
| English | |
1 Šawṯam, son of Furuṭum, and Mawwârum, [son of] 2 Mataʿ, of the inhabitants of Šabwat, has followed and ac- 3 companied the lord of them both ʾAbyaṯaʿ, son of Ḏmaraʿl[ay,] 4 when they followed from Šabwat so that may build ʾAbya- 5 ṯaʿ the city of Sumrâm and its houses, and [when] he took 6 along with him as settlers the third of the living from 7 the submissive class to the lowest class. |
| Jamme 1979: 88-89 | Jamme, Albert W.F. 1979. Miscellanées d'ancient arabe IX. Washington. 2019/07/23; https://cuislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/cuislandora%3A205328#page/1/mode/1up. [Privately printed] |
| English | |
1 S²ʿṯm son of Frṭm and Mw[rm son of] 2 Mtʿ inhabitants of Shabwa have accompanied and given service for 3 their lord Abīyathaʿ son of Dhamarʿalī 4 when they came from Shabwa so that Abīyathaʿ could construct 5 the city of Sumhuram and its houses and carried along 6 as colonists three groups of ḥṯy, from when 7 they divided until they returned. |
| 5-7 | Avanzini 2008 a (following her new reading: ʾhṯym): "And along with him emigrated three groups of ʾhṯym since they divided until they were called back [to Shabwa]" (the last word is in KR 5. Ed.). "There is a second possible translation of this difficult passage which can be taken from the context but with no etymological basis for ʾhṯym: "he inhabited the city with him for three 'periods', from when he left to when he came back [to Shabwa]"" (the last word is in KR 5. Ed.). |
| 5-7 | Frantsouzoff (reading the key-word as ʾḥṯym):"and (he) brought with him as colonists a lot of people, since they separated until they expanded". P. 143: "It is attractive to assume that the Hadramitic expression s²lṯt ʾḥṯym is a strict equivalent of the Arabic ṯalāṯu ḥaṯayātin (attested in some ḥadīth of Muḥammad, Ed.), which means "a lot of people"". |
| Avanzini 2002: 132 | Avanzini, Alessandra 2002. The construction inscriptions on the gate complex. Pages 125-140 in Alessandra Avanzini (ed.). Khor Rori Report 1. (Arabia Antica, 1). Pisa: Edizioni Plus-Università di Pisa. |
| Avanzini 2008 a: 636-637 | Avanzini, Alessandra 2008. Notes for a history of Sumhuram and a new inscription of Yashhurʾil. Pages 609-641 in Alessandra Avanzini (ed.). A port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC-5th C. AD). Khor Rori Report 2. (Arabia Antica, 5). Rome: «L'Erma» di Bretschneider. |
| Frantsouzoff 2009: 145 | Frantsouzoff, Serguei A. 2009. The final passages in two Hadramitic inscriptions from Dhofar (Khor Rori 3 and 4), what do they really mean?. Semitica et Classica, 2: 141-145. |
| German | |
1 Šaʿṯum bin Farṭum und Maw[rum bin] 2 Mataʿ von den Bewohnern (der Stadt) Šabwat haben sich angeschlossen und Gefolgschaft 3 geleistet ihren Herrn ʾAbyaṯaʿ bin Ḏamarʿalī, 4 als ʾAbyaṯaʿ von Šabwat aus (dem Aufruf) gefolgt ist, 5 die Stadt Samārum und ihre Häuser zu erbauen. Und sie wohnten 6 mit ihm drei Eponymatsjahre (šlṯt ʾhyym) lang, 7 von dem Zeitpunkt an, da er (dem Aufruf) folgte, bis er (nach Šabwat) zurückkehrte. |
| Stein 2011: 178-179 | Stein, Peter 2011. Review of Avanzini, Alessandra (ed.) 2008. A port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC-5th C. AD). Khor Rori Report 2. (Arabia Antica, 5). Rome: «L'Erma» di Bretschneider. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 161: 177-181. |
OBJECT INFORMATION
| Deposit | M 487 |
| Support type | Inscription on architectural structure » Gate |
| Material | Stone |
| Measures | h. 34, w. 45 |
| Link to object record |
ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE
| Modern site | Khawr Rūrī |
| Ancient site | S¹mhrm / S¹mrm |
| Geographical area | Southern Ẓufār |
| Country | Oman |
| Found | In situ |
| Archaeological context | Urban context: City gate |
| Link to site record |
BIBLIOGRAPHY
| Pirenne 1975: 85-86, pl. 2b | Pirenne, Jacqueline 1975. The Incense Port of Moscha (Khor Rori) in Dhofar. The Journal of Oman Studies, 1: 81-96. |
| Beeston 1976 c: 41-42 | Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1976. The Settlement at Khor Rori. The Journal of Oman Studies, 2: 39-41. |
| Müller, Walter W. 1977 a: 55-56 | Müller, Walter W. 1977. Die Inschriften Khor Rori 1 bis 4. Pages 53-56 in Hermann von Wissmann. Das Weihrauchland Saʾkalān, Samārum und Mos-cha. Mit Beiträgen von Walter W. Müller. (Sitzungsberichte der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 324). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. |
| Jamme 1979: 78, 87-89 | Jamme, Albert W.F. 1979. Miscellanées d'ancient arabe IX. Washington. 2019/07/23; https://cuislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/cuislandora%3A205328#page/1/mode/1up. [Privately printed] |
| Albright 1982: 43, 87, pl. 34, fig. 64 | Albright, Frank P. 1982. The American Archaeological Expedition in Dhofar, Oman, 1952-1953. (Publications of the American Foundation for the Study of Man, 6). Washington: American Foundation for the Study of Man / Philadelphia, Pa.: Distributed by G. Allen, Bookseller. |
| Avanzini 2002: 130-132, fig. 5 | Avanzini, Alessandra 2002. The construction inscriptions on the gate complex. Pages 125-140 in Alessandra Avanzini (ed.). Khor Rori Report 1. (Arabia Antica, 1). Pisa: Edizioni Plus-Università di Pisa. |
| Avanzini 2008 a: 636 | Avanzini, Alessandra 2008. Notes for a history of Sumhuram and a new inscription of Yashhurʾil. Pages 609-641 in Alessandra Avanzini (ed.). A port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC-5th C. AD). Khor Rori Report 2. (Arabia Antica, 5). Rome: «L'Erma» di Bretschneider. |
| Frantsouzoff 2009: 141-145, fig. 1 | Frantsouzoff, Serguei A. 2009. The final passages in two Hadramitic inscriptions from Dhofar (Khor Rori 3 and 4), what do they really mean?. Semitica et Classica, 2: 141-145. |
| Stein 2011: 178-179 | Stein, Peter 2011. Review of Avanzini, Alessandra (ed.) 2008. A port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC-5th C. AD). Khor Rori Report 2. (Arabia Antica, 5). Rome: «L'Erma» di Bretschneider. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 161: 177-181. |