CSAI
Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions


INSCRIPTION INFORMATION

LanguageAncient South Arabian » Sabaic » Early Sabaic
ScriptAncient South Arabian
Script typologyMonumental writing
Text directionRight-to-left
Text appearanceRecessed
Execution techniqueIncision
Chronology
PeriodB
Textual typologyConstruction text

GENERAL NOTES

For the dating of the inscription and its relationship with the text Demirjian 1, see the Cultural Notes.

TEXT

marker


   1  [Ṣbḥ](hmw)
bn Rs²wn Ns²(q)yn bny w-h—
   2  (ḥdṯ) mws³ltn w-ṯbnhn blq l-ʾlmq—
   3  h ywm rkl ʿd Mṣr w-Ddn w-ywm s¹l—
   4  m w-wfy bn ḍr Ywnm kl qny hys¹—
   5  r ʿd ʾydnn b-ʿṯtr w-b ʾlmqh w-b
   6  ḏt Ns²qm w-b Yd(ʿʾ)l mlk S¹b(ʾ) |

Apparatus
1-6al-Dhayyib and al-Masʿūd 2025's reading:
[..........]rs²wn ns²(ny)n bny (wh)
.....z mws¹ln wṯbnhn blq lʾlmq
h ywm rkl ʿd mṣr wddn wywm s¹l
m wwfy bn ḍr ywnm (k)l qny hys¹
r ʿd ʾydnn bʿṯtr wbʾlmqh wb
ḏt Ns²qm wḏ.....ʾl mlk s¹bʾ
1The reconstruction of the name of the author as Ṣbḥhmw is confirmed by means of the identification with the Sabaean man called Ṣbḥhmw who is author of the inscription Demirjian 1 (= B-L Nashq ?). Cf. Arbach 2025: 304; Nebes 2025: 11-12, fn. 4.
5ʾydnn is related to Yadnuna, the name of Cyprus in the Neo-Assyrian sources: indeed, the parallel passage in Demirjian 1 mentions Kition as the destination of goods sent from Gaza by Ṣbḥhmw (cf. Arbach 2025: 305, fn. 32).
6The name of king Ydʿʾl, although damaged on the stone, is legible. Demirjian 1 provides the full name of the king: Ydʿʾl Byn bn Yṯʿʾmr. Cf. Arbach 2025: 305.

TRANSLATIONS

English

   1  [Ṣbḥ]hmw of the family Rs²wn, the one from Nashq, built and
   2  renovated the base and the two seats in stone for ʾlmqh,
   3  when he traded towards Egypt and Dadan, and when
   4  they were safe and sound from the war of Ionia all the goods he sent
   5  to the Cypriotes, by ʿṯtr and by ʾlmqh and by
   6  ḏt Ns²qm and by Ydʿʾl king of Sabaʾ

OBJECT INFORMATION

Support typeRock
MaterialRock
Link to object record

ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE

Origin and provenance
Modern siteJabal Sāq
Ancient siteUnknown
Geographical areaḤijāz
CountrySaudi Arabia
FoundIn situ
Archaeological contextReligious context: Temple of ʾlmqh
Link to site record

CULTURAL NOTES

This inscription is engraved on the rock façade of the religious complex at the Jabal Sāq, near ancient Dadan, comprising a group of Sabaic inscriptions dating between the 8th and the 4th centuries BCE. This is a construction text for the god ʾlmqh, written during the reign of the Sabaean king Ydʿʾl. The name of the author is partially erased, but the visible traces are compatible with the name Ṣbḥhmw of the Rs²wn family, from the city of Nashq in the Yemeni Jawf. This inscription records a commercial journey to Egypt and Dadan and mentions the safe dispatch of goods to Cyprus during a war in Ionia. The text shows close formulaic and thematic correspondences with Demirjian 1, a lengthy inscription on a bronze plaque decorated with Neo-Assyrian-style figures, dedicated in the Ancient South Arabian temple of ʾlmqh bʿl Myfʿm. Both inscriptions share the narrative sequence concerning the northward commercial journey (described in greater detail in Demirjian 1, but without mention of Egypt), the dispatch of goods to Cyprus ("the Cypriots" in the present text, vs. "Kition" in Demirjian 1) from Gaza (mentioned only in Demirjian 1), and the war of Ionia, which has been indentified with the conflict between the Persians and Euagoras I (386-381 BCE; see the Cultural Notes of Demirjian 1). The differences between the two texts concern primarily the scope of the narrative, which is broader in Demirjian 1, including military campaigns, diplomatic missions, and the honours received by the king for his services. This suggests that Demirjian 1 was likely composed at the end of the author's career, i.e. later than the inscription left at Dadan, which constitutes the in-situ record of his presence at the site. The king Ydʿʾl mentioned in al-Dhayyib and al-Masʿūd 23 is Ydʿʾl Byn son of Yṯʿʾmr, mentioned in full in Demirjian 1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

al-Dhayyib and al-Masʿūd 2025: 39-42 (with photo)al-Dhayyib, Sulaymān ʿAbd al-Raḥmān and al-Masʿūd, Aḥmad 2025. Nuqūsh ʿarabiyya sabaʾiyya min muḥāfaẓat al-ʿUlā: al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya al-Suʿūdiyya. (Silsilat Qirāʾāt, 22). Riyadh: Markaz al-Malik Fayṣal lil-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya.
Arbach 2025: 304-305Arbach, Mounir 2025. Review of: Sulaymān ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dhayyib & Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Masʿūd, Nuqūsh ʿarabiyya sabʾiyya min muḥāfaẓat al-ʿUlā : al-mamlaka al- ʿArabiyya al-saʾūdiyya. Semitica et Classica, 18: 301-305. 2026/05/03; https://doi.org/10.1484/J.SEC.5.152652.
Nebes 2025: 11-12, fn. 4Nebes, Norbert 2025. Regularien für die Kaufleute von Sirwah und die Alabastersteinbrüche von al-Maḫdara (Jemen). (Sabaica et Aethiopica, 2). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.