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Record’s details

Editor(s)

Cristina Pappalardo
First published

2016-01-06
DOI

10.82194/dasi-epi-9044

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Bron 1992: 84, top

Bron 1992: 84 (centre)

Bron 1992: 84 (bottom)

Bron 1992: 85

Bron 1992: 86 (top)

Bron 1992: 86 (centre)

Bron 1992: 86 (bottom)

INSCRIPTION INFORMATION

Language

Ancient South Arabian » Sabaic » Central Middle Sabaic

Script

Ancient South Arabian

Script typology

Monumental writing

Text direction

Right-to-left

Text appearance

Recessed

Execution technique

Incision

Measure of letters

Chronology

Period

Textual typology

Dedicatory text

Royal inscription

Yes

GENERAL NOTES

Ja 576=Ry 535=MaMB 212; Ja 577=MaMB 219

TEXT

marker

Apparatus

15	Jamme reads: ʾb[lm, corrected into: ʾs¹[dm by Nebes 2005: 349, n. 118.
17	Jamme reads: frs¹-hw Wḥẓ, corrected into: w-hmw by Nebes 2005: 349, n. 123.
18	Bron 1992: 87 reads: bʿd.
22	Jamme reads: ʾyns¹, corrected into: ʾns¹ by Bron 1992: 87.
25	Bron 1992: 87 reads k-yẓwyn instead of k-yṣnwyn.
26	l-nṣr is corrected by Bron 1992: 87 into l-nẓr.
27	w-nṣr-hmw is corrected by Bron 1992: 87 into w-nẓr-hmw.

TRANSLATIONS

English

   1  ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his brother Yʾzl Byn, the two kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, sons of Frʿm Ynhb, king of Sabaʾ, dedicated to ʾlmqh Ṯhwn, Lord of ʾwm, nine (or seven) statues in silver, in praise because He favoured and helped His servant ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb in defeating all the armies and the tribes which waged war against them, from the tribes of the north and of the south, and of the coast
   2  and within the land, and because ʾlmqh favoured them in claiming from Mlkm, king of Kdt, and from the tribe of Kdt, that Mlkm did a reparation, to ʾlmqh and the two kings, for Mrʾlqs¹, son of ʿwfm, king of Ḫṣṣtn. And they kept as a prisoner that Mlkm and the leaders of Kdt in the city of Mrb until they delivered that young Mrʾlqs¹; they gave as hostages from the tribe of Kdt his son and the sons of leaders and they
   3  did as (other) reparation, to ʾlmqh and the two kings, horses, riding camels and camels. And in praise because ʾlmqh granted favour to His servant ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb in throwing into panic, defeating, taking reprisals on the armed bands of Abyssinians and those of S¹hrtm and on S²mr ḏu-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥmyrm because of the alliance which they concluded after a period of peace and the oaths they swore. And they went up from the city of Mryb to the city of Ṣnʿw for making war, and embarking on a campaign against S²mr du-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥmyrm, Rdmn, and Mḍḥym.
   4  And the king ʾls²rḥ and some of his ʾqwln, his army, his cavalry went to the land of Ḥymrm and they destroyed, seized, overthrew, forced to capitulate the palace of S²mt, the city Dll, the palace Yhr, the city ʾẓwr on the border of the land of Qs²mm, when they conducted a raid and got from those cities numerous killings, prisoners, booty. And from there they arrived to the region between the two cities and ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and with him some of his ʾqwl,
   5  his army, his cavalry made an incursion and they made an incursion up to the territory of the city Bʾs¹n and the soldiers sent by S²mr du-Raydān among the tribes of Ḥmrym confronted them to protect the area up the border, and then they confronted with them in the region of that city Bʾs¹n. And ʾlmqh granted them to rout those soldiers, those of Ḥmyrm, and they killed numerous killings and got prisoners and goods of that city Bʾs¹n. And then they marched until
   6  they reached the plain of Rgʿn, but the army of him of Raydān run away and they did not confront them. Then they waged war up the land of Mhʾnfm and sent in incursion some of their army up to the lands of Mhʿnfm and there they got killings, prisoners, booty that pleased them. And from there they went up to the pass of Ylrn and invested the city Tʿrmn and ʾlmqh granted them to seize that city Tʾrmn and they get in that (city) killing and
   7  took prisoners all the sons and its women, and they took as booty all its citizens. And from there, they returned towards the city Nʿḍ and some of their army stationed there and the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and the soldiers who were at his side among their army and their cavalry marched so to march up the eastern part of the land of Qs²mm and they capitulated and sacked the city ʾyḍmm and made an incursion in the whole of the eastern part of Qs²mm and they got there numerous killings and prisoners. And from there
   8  they went back to the city Nʿḍ and from there the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and some of his army and his cavalry marched up the land of Mhʾnfm and they overthrew and seized the two cities ʿṯy and ʿṯy and they got there numerous killings, prisoners, loot, booty. From there they went back to the city Ḍfw and there they found he of Mḏrḥm and the tribe Mhʾnfm and the tribe Mhʾnfm came into the open against their vanguard,
   9  but their vanguard routed them until they repelled them within the city Ḍfw and they killed among them numerous killing and from there they went back to the territory of the city Yklʾ and made contact there with the ʾqwl of Raydān and the army of Ḥmyrm and they came into the open and did battle with them and routed them from the open space (or, from Mrḥḍn) until they repelled them into the cultivated area (?) of Yklʾ and they got from them numerous killings. And from there they went back to the city
  10  Nʿḍ. And then he (or, they) challenged them, those of Ḥmyrm, to advance towards a deadly battle in the valley Ngrrm and the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and some of his ʾqwl, his army, and his cavalry marched so they arrived into the cultivated area (?) of Yklʾ but those of Ḥmyrm did not come into open for a deadly battle. And they retired and came back to the city Ṣnʿw with numerous animals, killings, prisoners of war, prisoners,
  11  booty. After that S²mr ḏu-Raydān sent (ambassadors) for an alliance, but at same time he sent (ambassadors) to ʿḏbh, king of ʾks¹mn for help against the kings of Sabaʾ, and the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb, his ʾqwl, his army, and his cavalry marched from the city Ṣnʿw, for the second time, against S²mr ḏu-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥmyrm, Rdmn, and Mḍḥym. Then the king
  12  ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and some of his ʾqwl, his army, and his cavalry made an incursion in the plain of Ḥrwr, ʿrs¹m, and Drgʿn and they got there numerous killings, prisoners, booty, and prizes of war. Their main contingent reached them in Qrb and Qrs¹ and they destroyed all the wells of these two, and they overthrew the city Qrs¹. From there the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and some of his ʾqwl, his army, his cavalry
  13  made an incursion in the lands of Yhbs²r, Mqrʾm, and S²ddm and they got there numerous killings, prisoners, and booty. They seized the palace Rʾs¹ and all its towers, which were signal-stations, and their main contingent confronted them in the region [... ...] and they forced that city Rʾs¹w and the palace of S¹nfrm to capitulate so that all the garrison, placed there by him of Raydān, sent (ambassadors). From there they marched towards the territory of the city
  14  Ẓlm and they found there mqtt, fantry army, and the garrison that S²mr ḏu-Raydān had sent there to defend it. They invited to come over the Sabaean side, but they returned a negative answer, so they resumed military operations and stormed that city and ʾlmqh granted them to destroy that city [... ...]. They got in that city numerous killings, prisoners, and booty. And from there they marched towards (the territory) between the two city of Hrn and Ḏmr and the king
  15  ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and with him some of his ʾqwl and the army of one thousand and five hundred soldiers and forty horsemen went up and made contact with S²mr ḏu-Raydān and with him sixteen thousand soldiers and the tribe of Ḥmyrm, Rdmn, and Mḍḥym [... ...] and then he of Raydān and the army of Ḥmyrm within the city Ḏmr; and they went up from their encampment Mhs¹knm and their horsemen on trained charges
  16  and swift horses. And then those of Ḥmyrm were in difficulty so they reached the territory of the city and he of Raydān and the army of Ḥmyrm went into the open against them [... ...] S²mr ḏu-Raydān and the army of Ḥmyrm, sons of ʿm, and they routed them until they drove them to the gates of the city Ḏmr. Regarding S²mr ḏu-Raydān,
  17  his horse was killed and regarding them (those of Ḥmyrm), they fell back to the city badly wounted. They killed from the army of Ḥmyrm, Rdmn, and Mḍḥym numerous killings. And the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and the appointed soldiers among his army and his cavalry came back towards [...] ḏt-Rznn in safety, glory, with numerous killings[...]
  18  after the injustice that S²mr ḏu-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥmyrm, the sons of ʿm, had committed against them. And they (the Sabaeans) challenged S²mr ḏu-Raydān and his army to come to a confrontation throught these days and they fortified themselves within the city Ḏmr. They resumed operations and came back to the city Nʿḍ and from the city Nʿḍ resumed operations and came back towards the territory between the two cities and they got there numerous killings, prisoners, and booty.
  19  From there they came back to the city Ṣnʿw in safety, in glory, with numerous spoils of battle, prisoners, booty, and prizes of war. After that Grmt, son of the Negus and with him armed bands of Abyssinians and of S¹hrtm committed hostilities against the kings of Sabaʾ, since S²mr ḏu-Raydān had asked them for help. And ʾlmqh granted them to inflict decisive defeat over them all. [... ...]
  20  ḏu-Raydān. After that the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and with him some of his ʾqwl and one thousand soldiers from their army, and twenty six horsemen pursued them in order to take reprisals for the war waged and the assistance afforded to S²mr ḏu-Raydān at the time when there was a peace treaty between the kings of Sabaʿ and the Abyssinians.And they waged war against five settlements [... ...]
  21  and they got from them numerous killings, prisoners, prizes of war, booty. And then some of Abyssinians and of S¹hrtm mounted an offensive against them and they caught the contingent of those Abyssinians on the hill of ʾḥdqm, and the fantry confronted against them. And ʾlmqh granted them to rout and destroy the contingent of those Abyssinians. And the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his ʾqwl and his army
  22  came back to the city Ṣnʿw in safety, in glory and with numerous spoils of war, prisoners, loot, and booty. And in praise because ʾlmqh granted them to defeat and take reprisals on Grmt, the son of Negus, the king of ʾks¹mn for (his ill-treatment of) the diplomatic delegation whom the kings of Sabaʾ had sent to him. And in praise because ʾlmqh granted them to defeat the officer Ṣḥbm, of the family [Gys²m ... ...]
  23  from the dominions of ʾlmqh. And then they sent their mwtwy Nwfm, of the family Hmdn and Ġymn and with him some of their mqtyt and some of the two tribes of Ḥs²dm and Ġymn, and ʾlmqh granted them that their mqtwy Nwfm should come back in safety and also the appointed soldiers with him; and he defeated that officer Ṣbḥm, of the family Gys²m, and they brought back his head and his hands [... ...]
  24  the tribe Ḫwln Gddm. And in praise because ʾlmqh granted the favour to subjugate the tribe of Ngrn when the latter had revolted and withdrawn the hand (the alliance) from their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ, in favour of Abyssinians. And the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and some of his ʾqwl, his army, and his cavalry waged war and they invested the city Ẓrbn for two months and they challenged [... ...]
  25  they answered that they should inform their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ, that they were making the offense graver by having received a promise of protection by the king of Ḥaḍramawt against their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ and they promised to the tribe of Ngrn, for two months, to give protection against their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ. And the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his ʾqwl, his army came back to the city [... ...]
  26  and they heard that those of Ngrn had sent (ambassadors) to the armed bands of Abyssinians for helping the viceroy of the Negus in the city Ngrn and the tribe of Ngrn. They (the Sabaeans) had taken note of the promise given (by the Abyssinians) to those of Ngrn of protection against their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ, but made it unnecessary by their own committment to oversee the column of Abyssinians. After that, they sent two of their mqtwyy Nwfm, of the family Hmdn and of Ġymn and [... ...]
  27  and they watched over them and some of the two tribes Ḥs²dm and Ġymn and fourteen of the cavalry, so they waged war to them in the two valleys of Ngrn. And they came back to their two lords, the two kings, in safety, in glory and with numerous killings, prisoners, and booty. After that the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb gave battle to them [... ...]
  28  they made raids upon them from their bases in the valley Rkbtn and all the principal men and freemen of the tribe Ngrn approached them with the offer of peace, in fact (the Sabaeans) killed among those of Ngrn scores of killing. In the third day, those of Ngrn tendered submission to their lord ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb, king of Sabaʾand ḏu-Raydān; and as for the Abyssinian viceroy S¹bqlm [... ...]
  29  those who had culpably initiated the revolt sent (ambassadors) to him, and they offered their sons and daughters as hostages, and they accepted into the city Ẓrbn the viceroy, whom his lord, the king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb ordered as viceroy in that city Ẓrbn and its valleys. The total of all those who had made submission from the city Ẓrbn and its valleys was [... ...]
  30  kings of Sabaʾ in the operations conducted against them by king ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and the contingents and raiding colums which he had sent to conduct operations against them. They killed from the tribe Ngrn nine hundred and twenty-four soldiers and five hundred and sixty-two prisoners, and they subjugated in the two valleys of Ngrn sixty-eight cities and ravaged [... ...]
  31  sixty thousand fields, and he destroyed ninety-seven wells. And in praise because ʾlmqh Ṯhwn, Lord of ʾwm, granted favour to His servant ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, to return he himself and his ʾqwl, his army, his cavalry, his mounted soldiers, and their baggage-trains from all those [ campaigns... ...]
  32  which they conducted against the kings, the army, and the tribes who had waged war against them. They returned from those wars and campaigns in safety and glory, with killings, prisoners, and booty which satistied His servant ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān. And he praise because He granted them [... ...]
  33  (to return to) the royal palaces S¹lḥn and Ġndn, the two temples, the city Mryb and Ṣnʿw and Ns²qm and all the castels of their ʾqwl in safetyfrom all the wars which had been waged against them. Might ʾlmqh Ṯhwn, Lord of ʾwm, continue to grant favour to His two servants ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his brother Yʾzl Byn, the two kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, and their army [... ...]
  34  (He granted) His two servants ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his brother Yʾzl Byn, the two kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān,to humiliate, destroy, crush, and routed in all the wars which will be waged from the north, the south, the coast, within the land. And in praise because He grant favours to them with a complete triumph. And in praise because ʾlmqh granted His servant ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb with the prosperity of hearts and his army, the army of Sabaʾ [... ...]
  35  ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb in which was and will be favourable to them and to palace S¹lḥn and Ġndn in destroying, humiliating, defeating, crushing, and routing all the war enemies and enemies of ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his brother Yʾzl Byn, the two kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, sons of Frʿm Ynhb, king of Sabaʾ. By ʿṯtr, Hbs¹, ʾlmqh Ṯhwn, Lord of ʾwm, ḏt Ḥmym [... ...]

2	This translation is not easy and depends on how the first ʾḫḏ is interpreted, together with the following: b-ḫfrt hḫfr. N. Nebes 2005 translated: “since Almaqah benefited them with His favour in putting Malik, the king of Kinda, in prison, and the tribe of Kinda (?) because of the contract that Malik infringed”. A.F.L. Beeston 1973 : “since Almaqah benefited them with His favour in obtaining/demanding from Malik, the king of Kinda, and from the tribe of Kinda, that Malik made an amendment”. Although shortly after this sentence there is ʾḫḏ (w-ʾḫḏ-hw hwt Mlkm) with the evident meaning of “seizing, keeping as prisoner that (mentioned above) Malik”, the translation by N. Nebes for b-ḫfr hḫfr “for the contract he infringed”, in my opinion, is not convincing. ḫfrt in line 3 means “amendment (for a sin)”, therefore we retained here the translation proposed earlier by A.F.L. Beeston
4	We translate the occurences of mhrgtm with "killings", a translation "war trophies" is possible.
9	s³ʾd is translated by SD: "cultivated area (?)"; and by Jamme: "prince".
12	ḥyrt means "encampment"; we can translate: "troops (of the encampment)".
13	w-ynbln-hmw kl qrn s²ym b-hw ḏ-Rydn is translated by Jamme: "and so was given over to them every rebel (whom) Raydân had hidden there".
14	w-fḫr-hmw l-S¹bʾ: the translation here accepted has been proposed by Beeston 1976 b: 36. In his translation the Sabaean kings seem to remember a defeat: they offered peace, but it was refused. We can also think that the peace offer was refused by the Sabaeans. One of the main problems in the translation of our text, as we will see further on, is to understand who were the subjects of the actions mentioned in the inscription. In any case, we should presuppose the fall of the ending w of the verb before the suffix pronoun.
15	Nebes reads ʾs¹[dm instead of Jamme's reading ʾb[lm. Jamme translates Mhs¹knm "wretched ones".
15-16	For Jamme ʾnḥrm and ṭrydm are toponyms.
18	Nebes corrects the reading of Jamme Wḥ(ẓ) (name of the horse) in w-hmw "and regarding them (the Ḥimyarites)".
19	b-ʿm ḥyf ḥyf-hmw "with the wing which had been detached" (Beeston 1976 b: 37) (ar. ḥīfa "seide"). F. Bron (Bron 1992: 87) corrects b-ʿm in: b-ʿd and translates: “après l’injustice (arabo ḥayf) qu’avaient commise à leur égard S²mr di Raydān et les tribus”.
20	At the end of the line, Beeston 1976 b translates: "for the latter had attacked five patrols of (Sabeans)".
24	At the end of the line we could integrate w-fḫr[-hmw l-S¹bʾ ... ...], integration based on line 14.
25	Bron 1992: 87 reads k-yẓwynn instead of k-yṣwynn. ẓwy is a hapax in ASA. We have kept the translation "inform", considering the two forms only bearing witness to a phonetic change. For Beeston 1976 b the people who made the offense graver were the Najranites, for Nebes the inhabitants of Ẓrbn. Then Nebes: "(Auch) hatte der Stamm Nagrān ihnen (sc. den Ẓarbānitern) Unterstützung gegen ihre Herren". For Beeston (and in our translation) the tribe of Najrān is not the subject of the sentence; the subject seems to be the Ḥaḍramis. Ẓrbn is in Najrān and a pact between the city and Najrān seems illogical. The name of the city of Ṣanʿāʾ could be integrated in the lacuna.
26	w-hmw f-nẓrw mwʿd ʾgrn l-tṣryn b-ʿbr ʾmrʾ-hmw ʾmlk S¹bʾ w-hḫw-hw b-mwʿd-hmw l-nṣr ʿnt ʾḥbs²n. The translation is not easy. There are at least two nodes: it is not clear at all what the subject (hmw) is and the meaning of hḫw-hw hapax in ASA. Beeston 1976 b: 39: They (the Abyssinians) had taken note of the promise given by (Ḥaḍramawt) to those of Ngrn of protection against their lords, the kings of Sabaʾ, but made it unnecessary by their own promise of help to be furnished (nṣr) by the column of Abyssinians Different the Nebes' translation: "Dabei hatten sie (sc. die Sabäer) das (oben erwänte) von den Nagrānites (den Ẓarbānitern) gegebene Bündnisversprechen gegen ihre Herren, vor Augen und hielten (dies)es (nunmehr) aufgrund von deren (sc. der Nagrānites) Bündnis(ersuchen) um Unterstützung durch Hilfstruppen der Abessinier für nicht (mehr) haltbar".

Beeston 1976 b: 33-40	Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1976. Warfare in ancient South Arabian (2nd.-3rd. centuries A.D.). Qahtan. Studies in Old Arabian Epigraphy. 3. London: Luzac and Co.
Bron 1992: 87	Bron, François 1992. Mémorial Mahmud al-Ghul. Inscriptions sudarabiques. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner / Sanʿāʾ: Centre français d'études yéménites.
Nebes 2005: 344-352	Nebes, Norbert 2005. Sabäische Texte. Pages 331-367 in Francis Breyer and Michael Lichtenstein (eds). Staatsverträge, Herrscherinschriften und andere Dokumente zur politischen Geschichte. Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments. Neue Folge. 2. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.

OBJECT INFORMATION

Deposit	Mārib
Support type	Artefact » Base » Of statue with dedicatory inscription
Material	Stone
Dimensions	Ja 576: h. 181, w. 37, th. 28; Ja 577: h. 157, w. 45, th. 28
Link to object record

ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE

Provenance

Modern site	Maḥram Bilqīs
Ancient site	ʾwm
Geographical area	Maʾrib
Country	Yemen
Found	Reemployed. In modern times
Archaeological context	Religious context: Temple of ʾlmqh bʿl ʾwm
Notes	Ja 576 and Ja 577 are reemployed in a house in Wādī al- Jūba.
Link to site record

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ryckmans, Gonzague 1956 a: 140-163, pl. I	Ryckmans, Gonzague 1956. Inscriptions sud-arabes. Treizième série. Le Muséon, 69: 139-163.
Jamme 1962 a: 67-82, 318-323	Jamme, Albert W.F. 1962. Sabaean Inscriptions from Maḥram Bilqîs (Mârib). (Publications of the American Foundation for the Study of Man, 3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Ryckmans, Jacques 1966: 476	Ryckmans, Jacques 1966. Himyaritica 2. Le Muséon, 79: 475-500.
Ryckmans, Jacques 1967: 511	Ryckmans, Jacques 1967. Le texte Sharafaddin, Yemen, p. 44, bas, droit [Appendix to: von Wissmann, Hermann 1967. Zur Kenntnis von Ostarabien, besonders al-Qaṭīf, im Altertum]. Le Muséon, 80: 508-512.
Beeston 1972 a: 541-544	Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1972. Notes on old South Arabian lexicography VII. Le Muséon, 85: 535-544.
Beeston 1973: 444-446, 448-451	Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1973. Notes on Old South Arabian lexicography VIII. Le Muséon, 86: 443-453.
Beeston 1976 a: 413-414	Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1976. Notes on Old South Arabian lexicography X. Le Muséon, 89: 407-423.
Beeston 1976 b: 33-40	Beeston, Alfred F.L. 1976. Warfare in ancient South Arabian (2nd.-3rd. centuries A.D.). Qahtan. Studies in Old Arabian Epigraphy. 3. London: Luzac and Co.
Nebes 1987: 84	Nebes, Norbert 1987. Zur Konstruktion von Subjekt und Objekt abhängiger Infinitive in Sabäischen. Pages 75-98 in Christian J. Robin and Muḥammad ʿA. Bāfaqīh (eds). Ṣayhadica. Recherches sur les inscriptions de l'Arabie préislamique offertes par ses collègues au professeur A.F. L. Beeston. (Arabie préislamique, 1). Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
Robin 1991-1993 a: 79	Robin, Christian J. (ed.) 1991-1993 [1992]. L'Arabie antique de Karibʾîl à Mahomet. Nouvelles données sur l'histoire des Arabes grâces aux inscriptions. (Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranée, 61). Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
Bron 1992: 84-87, photos	Bron, François 1992. Mémorial Mahmud al-Ghul. Inscriptions sudarabiques. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner / Sanʿāʾ: Centre français d'études yéménites.
Nebes 1994: 195	Nebes, Norbert 1994. Verwendung und Funktion der Präfixkonjugation im Sabäischen. Pages 191-211 in Norbert Nebes. Arabia Felix. Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. Festschrift Walter W. Müller zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Nebes 1995 a: 22-23, 32, 36, 38-45, 55, 67, 85-86, 175, 201-202	Nebes, Norbert 1995. Die Konstruktionen mit /fa-/ im Altsüdarabischen. Syntaktische und epigraphische Untersuchungen. (Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission, 40). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Jamme 1996: 234-236	Jamme, Albert W.F. 1996. Miscellanées d'ancient arabe XIX. Washington. 2025/04/17; https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.38250296. [Privately printed]
Nebes 2005: 344-352	Nebes, Norbert 2005. Sabäische Texte. Pages 331-367 in Francis Breyer and Michael Lichtenstein (eds). Staatsverträge, Herrscherinschriften und andere Dokumente zur politischen Geschichte. Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments. Neue Folge. 2. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.

CSAI

Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions

Editor(s)

First published

DOI

Ja 576+Ja 577 Ry 535; MaMB 212+MaMB 219