CSAI
Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions


By kind permission of British Museum

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

DepositLondon, The British Museum, BM 1992,0623.3
NotesPurchased from Charles Ede (1921-2002).

SUPPORT INFORMATION

Support typeArtefact » Sculpture in the round » Animal figure
MaterialBronze
Dimensionsh. 6.55, l. 7.4, th. 2.1, wt. 132 g
Decoration
Figurative subjectAnimal » Camel
      Part of animal bodyComplete figure
      Animal gestureStanding
Notes on support and decorationsCast copper alloy statuette of a male dromedary with an upturned head and an unusual saddle and a two-line inscription on either flank. The letter-forms of the inscriptions are very peculiar and they appear to have been cut into the metal surface through the corrosion and are clearly a later addition. Although the inscriptions are fake, they have been carved into a genuine figurine. The camel is quite well formed in profile, but when viewed head-on the body appears to be far too flat, which suggests that it may have been intended to be seen from the side. In quality, it is comparable to the bronze figurines of camels without saddles which also are very flat (Robin and Vogt 1997: 12-13), unlike the inscribed saddleless camel (id.: 129) which is a much more life-like representation.

ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE

Provenance. Conjectural
Modern siteUnknown (Aden governorate)
Ancient siteUnknown
CountryYemen
Link to site record

CULTURAL NOTES

An interesting feature of this statuette is the saddle, which is essentially a chair which has
been positioned in front of the hump. Saddles of this type are found in North Africa but were and still are extremely rare in the Middle East. In riding a camel, three positions are possible: behind the hump on a pad resting on the crupper (as among the Bedouin in Oman and in camel-racing throughout Arabia); on a saddle made up of a frame which fits over the hump (as used throughout Arabia except parts of Oman); and on a chair-like structure tied in front of the hump (as used principally in north Africa). Bareback riding normally consists of lying flat on the crupper, clinging onto the hump, but theoretically could also be done sitting on, or in front of the hump, though both the latter positions are very unstable. There are representations of all these positions, both bareback and with saddles, in ancient rock drawings and relief. A rock-drawing from near Tabuk in north-western Arabia shows a camel with a rectangular object strapped in front of the hump by a triple girth. This drawing is part of a composition which could date to as early as the 8th century BC. An unpublished rock-drawing from north-eastern Jordan dated roughly to the 1st or 2nd century AD shows a rider perched on what looks like a pad held onto the front slope of the hump by a triple girth. Both these drawings are very detailed and were the work of nomads, who might be expected to have an accurate knowledge of camel trappings. A South Arabian relief (see BM 102601) showing a man apparently riding bareback in front of the hump might be treated as fanciful if it were not that riders are occasionally portrayed in the same position in rock-drawings by nomads in northern Arabia. The type of saddle most commonly portrayed both in North Arabian rock-art and on South Arabian stelae is the frame which fits over the hump, of which there were several sub-varieties, as in CIH 698, 705, 708, 718, 719, etc. (cf. Simpson 2002: 99).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Simpson 2002: 99, cat. 113Simpson, St John (ed.) 2002. Queen of Sheba. Treasures from the ancient Yemen. London: British Museum Press. [Catalogue of an exhibition held at the British Museum, London]
Robin and Vogt 1997Robin, Christian J. and Vogt, Burkhard (eds) 1997. Yémen, au pays de la reine de Saba. Exposition présentée à l'Institut du monde arabe du 25 octobre 1997 au 28 février 1998. Paris: Flammarion, Institut du Monde Arabe.